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Cryptography is a technique that can helps us to secure transformation of Data/Information.
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"Cryptography or Cryptology is the practice and study of techniques for secure communication in the presence of third parties called adversaries."
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Type of Cryptography
Symmetric encryption
 
Symmetric -key is a type of encryption where only one key (a secret key) is used to both encrypt and decrypt electronic information. The entities communicating via symmetric encryption must exchange the key so that it can be used in the decryption process. This encryption method differs from asymmetric encryption where a pair of keys, one public and one private, is used to encrypt and decrypt messages.
Note: keys  just like algorithm to encrypt and decrypt the data.
Asymmetrical encryption
 
Asymmetric -key is also known as public key cryptography, which is a relatively new method, compared to symmetric encryption. Asymmetric encryption uses two keys to encrypt a plain text. Secret keys are exchanged over the Internet or a large network. It ensures that malicious persons do not misuse the keys. It is important to note that anyone with a secret key can decrypt the message and this is why asymmetrical encryption uses two related keys to boosting security. A public key is made freely available to anyone who might want to send you a message. The second private key is kept a secret so that you can only know.
Hashing
Hashing is the transformation of a string of characters into a usually shorter fixed-length value or key that represents the original string. Hashing is used to index and retrieve items in a database because it is faster to find the item using the shorter hashed key than to find it using the original value.
Types of hashing
There are many type of hashing I'm Give You a link Below:
MD5 hashing
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SHA1 Hash
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SHA 256 Hash
https://www.movable-type.co.uk/scripts/sha256.html
 
ROT-1 - ROT-26
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROT13
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TIGER Hashing
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_(hash_function
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There are many type of Encryption and Decryption technique
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B,ase64 URL Decoding Encoding and Hex ,Binary Encoding and Decoding
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